Extraction of Biologically Active Substances from Fungi

Fungi are rich sources of bioactive substances providing valuable compounds with various health-restoring properties. The most common methods for extracting these substances are various solvent extractions, such as ethanol, methanol, or hot water.

Polysaccharides, especially beta-glucans with immune-stimulating properties, are most commonly extracted from fungi. These substances are typically extracted using hot water, followed by purification using ethanol precipitation or chromatographic methods. In addition to polysaccharides, fungi contain terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and various secondary metabolites that require specific extraction methods and conditions.

Modern extraction methods, such as supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction, are receiving increasing attention. These methods allow higher yields, reduced solvent consumption, and shorter extraction times. They often provide more selective target compound isolation and higher product purity, which is particularly important in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical production.

Hericium erinaceus (Lion’s Mane) contains several significant bioactive substances, most importantly erinacines and hericenones – diterpene compounds that stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis. This fungus is also rich in beta-glucans, improving immune system function and polysaccharides that show anti-cancer activity. Research has found that H. erinaceus also contains antioxidants, proteins, and minerals that promote neuronal regeneration and cognitive function improvement.

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Cordyceps) fungus is known for its unique chemical composition dominated by cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) – a nucleoside analogue compound with broad biological activity. This compound shows anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulating properties. The fungus also contains ergosterol and its derivatives, polysaccharides (mainly CPS-1 and CPS-2) strengthening the immune system, as well as D-mannitol and various amino acids. The polysaccharides in Cordyceps are particularly significant as they improve organism endurance, increase ATP synthesis, and enhance energy metabolism.

SIA MICELLUM researches Hericium erinaceus and Ophiocordyceps sinensis mycelium and fruiting body cultivation.